Here is something interesting (and shady)!
This is C5.4.3. of regs, published
July 31, 2025:

As you can see, there is nothing about measuring at the ambient temperature.
Also 1.5 states that “Formula 1 Cars must comply with these regulations in their entirety
at all times during a Competition”.
To me both of these together clearly say that the engine must not be designed to deliberately violate 16:1 compression rate rule, because why FIA can't come up with a measurement procedure somewhat close to operating conditions?
Now this one is
Oct 16, 2025:

FIA added “executed at ambient temperature” and created that loophole basically at the last moment! Why did they do that?
Before I found out that I thought Merc did a good job exploiting that temperature trick and it’s not fair to punish them for being clever. But not anymore. Before Oct 16 their engine with compression rate 18:1 at high temperature was illegal. After Oct 16 changes it suddenly becomes legal! The only way I can think of this situation is that Merc knew in advance that their engine will become legal at the point in time when “it’s too late to change the engine” (or at least they had a backup plan), otherwise they would have never committed to something that is pretty clearly violates the regs.