The car has dampers.
Who concluded that it doesn't?
As far as i can see, it's simply the inherent balance of the car. To put less heat to the rear tyres, it probably would need a balance that is not competitive. It may well be the very same exhuasts over heating the tyres as well.
Whatever it is, it is related to donwforce creation. The aero balance not exluding the blown diffuser.
Over one lap, no problem degradation doesn't reach an advanced stage, so the car is quick.
Over a few laps the tyres are saturated and overworked, and the heat breaks down the mechanical properties of the rubber.
In terms of the exhuast, Maybe they need to allow more cooling on the inside of the tyre, cutting some more material out of the diffuser. this may result in loss of downforce, and change in behavior of the car, but to couteract that the flow can be nozzled some more.
We can see attempts here to chanell the exhuast away from the tyre and direct it where it needs to be.
The metal peice in front of the tyre will also direct air to the inside of the tyre wall creating a barier against the hot air fromt he exhuasts.
This solution probably works, as they wouldnt be using it, but i dont think it does enough to protect the tyres and it doesn't do enough to maintain exhuast speed. It's probably best at channeling flow alone. But for outright performance the gases need to be speeded up, as close to trans sonic speed as possible. You do this by using nozzles. There's a drag penalty of course.
Here's your floor nozzle in front of the tyre:
here again:
Notice that you have sufficient slots in the floor on the outside of the nozzles for allowing cooling flow to that hot area. Three very generous slots.
The most critical thing in these redbull images is the nozzle and it's shape. If you look at the outer profile of the nozzle it's pushing the exhaust away from the tyre. See the curvature? It's not chanelling straight down the inside like the mercedes guide vanes, it's speeding up the flow and it's pushing it taway from the inside edge of the tyre. Look also at the huge gap between tyre and diffuser. You can actually see the asphalt through that gap.
So in summary, i think mercedes problems could be helped by attacking the most obvious problem, rear tyre degredation. Which is of the thermal kind. You do this by lowering the temperatures, even if it doesn't make the car run 50 laps straight like a lotus, lowering temps will delay degradation. By copying redbull they could find gains in tyre life.