Polimotor anyone? With sleeves almost the entire block can be replaced.
https://thekneeslider.com/plastic-engin ... nterested/
via: thekneeslider.com
There's a history of ceramic block efforts out there too. A lot of that work was halted by the limits of ceramic technologies at the time. The heat cycling would actually induce spalling of the cylinder walls, which means you start losing gas seal and then everything that goes with it.
Carbon, or "carbon" blocks are certainly not F1 relevant due to engine materials restrictions in the regulations, these days primarily as a cost cutting measure, those guys were starting to use a bunch of beryllium even. But there may be a window left for road relevance as lighter engines are always beneficial for fuel savings.